GH-50600: [Release][Python] Fix verification jobs after dropping Python 3.10

ci/docker/ubuntu-22.04-verify-rc.dockerfile

@@ -21,11 +21,26 @@ FROM --platform=linux/${arch} ${base}
 
 ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
 COPY dev/release/setup-ubuntu.sh /
-RUN /setup-ubuntu.sh && \
+RUN INSTALL_PYTHON=0 /setup-ubuntu.sh && \
     rm /setup-ubuntu.sh && \
     apt-get clean && \
     rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists*
 
+# Ubuntu 22.04 only provides Python 3.10. Install a supported Python from
+# conda-forge (without activating Conda env) for non-Conda verify-rc job
+ARG python=3.12
+COPY ci/scripts/install_conda.sh /arrow/ci/scripts/
+RUN /arrow/ci/scripts/install_conda.sh miniforge3 26.1.1-3 /opt/conda && \
+    /opt/conda/bin/mamba create -y -p /opt/python python=${python} && \
+    rm -rf \
+        /etc/profile.d/conda.sh \
+        /opt/conda \
+        /root/.conda \
+        /root/.condarc \
+        /root/.mamba
+ENV PATH=/opt/python/bin:$PATH \
+    PYTHON_VERSION=${python}
+
 ARG cmake
 COPY ci/scripts/install_cmake.sh /arrow/ci/scripts/
 RUN /arrow/ci/scripts/install_cmake.sh ${cmake} /usr/local/

dev/release/setup-ubuntu.sh

@@ -26,6 +26,14 @@ version=$(. /etc/os-release && echo ${VERSION_ID})
 
 apt-get update -y -q
 
+# The Ubuntu 22.04 verification image supplies a supported Python separately.
+if [ "${INSTALL_PYTHON:-1}" -gt 0 ]; then
+  apt-get install -y -q --no-install-recommends \
+    python3-dev \
+    python3-pip \
+    python3-venv
+fi
+
 if [ ${version} \> "22.04" ]; then
   # Some tests rely on legacy timezone aliases such as "US/Pacific"
   apt-get install -y -q --no-install-recommends \
@@ -49,9 +57,6 @@ apt-get install -y -q --no-install-recommends \
   ninja-build \
   nlohmann-json3-dev \
   pkg-config \
-  python3-dev \
-  python3-venv \
-  python3-pip \
   ruby-dev \
   tzdata \
   wget

dev/release/verify-release-candidate.sh

@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ install_conda() {
 maybe_setup_conda() {
   # Optionally setup conda environment with the passed dependencies
   local env="conda-${CONDA_ENV:-source}"
-  local pyver=${PYTHON_VERSION:-3}
+  local pyver=${PYTHON_VERSION:-3.12}
 
   if [ "${USE_CONDA}" -gt 0 ]; then
     show_info "Configuring Conda environment..."
@@ -377,9 +377,10 @@ maybe_setup_conda() {
     if ! conda env list | cut -d" " -f 1 | grep $env; then
       mamba create -y -n $env python=${pyver}
     fi
-    # Install dependencies
+    # Install dependencies. Python version pinned so an unversioned
+    # python dependency does not replace it
     if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then
-      mamba install -y -n $env $@
+      mamba install -y -n $env python=${pyver} $@
     fi
     # Activate the environment
     conda activate $env

dev/tasks/verify-rc/github.linux.amd64.docker.yml

@@ -41,15 +41,11 @@ jobs:
             {% if distro == 'almalinux' and target|upper == 'PYTHON' %}
             -e ARROW_GANDIVA=OFF \
             {% endif %}
-            {% if distro == "conda" and target == "integration" %}
-            {# JPype doesn't work with Python 3.13.
-             # See also:
-             # * https://discuss.python.org/t/api-for-python-3-13-prevents-use-of-3rd-party-gc-allocators/62709/5
-             # * GH-44386
-             # * GH-44389
+            {# Use a supported Python version on distributions with older
+             # default Python and avoid selecting free-threaded Python in
+             # the Conda environment.
             #}
             -e PYTHON_VERSION="3.12" \
-            {% endif %}
             -e VERIFY_RC="{{ rc|default("") }}" \
             -e TEST_DEFAULT=0 \
             {% if target == "cpp" %}